Protein synthesis is a crucial factor in molecular biology. This process helps in arranging the assembly of amino acids according to the sequence outlined in an mRNA template, following the precise correspondence between mRNA codons and amino acids encoded by the genetic code. This intricate process lies at the core of gene expression, the mechanism by which DNA's genes give rise to functional products, predominantly proteins, which in turn define an organism's phenotype.
Transcription initiates this flow of information, transcribing DNA's genetic sequence into RNA, paving the way for translation to decipher this code and specify the precise sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide. Thus, protein synthesis embodies the central dogma of molecular biology, illustrating the journey from DNA to RNA to proteins, which underpins the fundamental mechanisms governing life's processes.
Transcription:
Occurs within the nucleus, where DNA acts as a template for mRNA synthesis, transcribing genetic information from DNA to RNA.
Translation:
Transpires in the cytoplasm, involving the conversion of mRNA sequence into proteins on ribosomes. Ribosomes, composed of RNA and proteins, facilitate this process.
Initiation:
Marks the outset of translation. The small ribosomal subunit binds to the mRNA, and the initiator tRNA carrying methionine attaches to the start codon (usually AUG), forming the initiation complex.
Elongation:
Progresses as the ribosome moves along the mRNA, reading each codon in sequential order. Each incoming tRNA molecule carries the corresponding amino acid dictated by the mRNA codon, and peptide bonds form between adjacent amino acids, elongating the polypeptide chain.
Termination:
Concludes translation when a stop codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA) enters the A-site of the ribosome. Release factors then promote the hydrolysis of the bond between the completed polypeptide chain and the final tRNA, freeing the newly synthesized protein.
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